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This success story focuses on the inspirational journey of Mr. Chakan Boro, a farmer in Udalguri district of Assam who discovered fortune through mushroom cultivation after experiencing repeated setbacks in traditional mushroom farming. Beginning with little money, Mr. Boro created a profitable mushroom farm out of a small area in his house. Through tenacity, ingenuity and support from KVK Udalguri and other government institutes, he transformed his life and became well-known throughout Udalguri and its nearby districts. Today, Mr. Boro?s perseverance and sustainable farming motivates aspiring farmers.

Mr Bhugeswar Rabha from a rural village of Udalguri District of Assam emerged as a successful organic farmer after he received training from KVK Udalguri in 2023. With strong farming roots and continuous technical support from KVK, he established two vermicompoat unit using cowdung, organic waste and crop residue. Currently he earns Rs. 80000 per annum from vermicompost and earthworm sales. Leading village cleanliness drives under the Flagship programme Swachchta Action Plan, he is the promoter of waste to wealth management in the community. As a Secretary of Nalkhamara Anchalik Krishi Goot he is aspire to expand organic farming awareness throughout the district, advocating vermicompost as a successful alternative to chemical fertilizers amid limited biofertilizer access.

This success story focuses on the inspirational journey of Mrs. Boro, a farmer in Udalguri district of Assam who discovered fortune through mushroom cultivation after experiencing repeated setbacks in traditional mushroom farming. Through tenacity, ingenuity and support from KVK Udalguri from the help of NABARD sponsored IFS project she transformed her life and make herself involved in mushroom and vermicompost production. Due to high demand of market, she now shared her knowledge to fellow farmers of her village and now become a successful entrprenur. The project was for two years from 2021 and she now make herself self sustainable and continue her business with fellow farmer.

MicroRNAs are diminutive, non-coding Ribonucleic acids that are essential in modulating gene expression throughout animal development and pathology. This review seeks to deliver a thorough examination of the present state of miRNA research in animal development and disease, emphasising their role in essential biological processes including embryogenesis, cell differentiation, and tissue development. We examine the function of miRNAs in many animal diseases, encompassing cancer, metabolic disorders, and reproductive problems. Additionally, Our research focuses on microRNAs (miRNAs) and their therapeutic applications, as well as their potential as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. We delineate prospective avenues for miRNA research in animal development and pathology, underscoring the necessity for additional exploration of the intricate processes governing miRNA regulation and its implications in veterinary medicine.

Height estimation of a person or object from a single 2D image presents significant challenges due to the absence of depth information, perspective distortion, and varying camera angles. Without a known reference scale or controlled environment, traditional measurement methods often yield unreliable results. Factors such as lens distortion, subject posture, and uneven terrain further complicate the process. This study investigates practical techniques using Adobe Photoshop's superimposition and scaling tools to overcome these limitations. By leveraging reference objects, perspective correction, and pixel-based measurements, the research aims to develop a systematic approach for height approximation in forensic analysis, architectural visualization, and digital photography. The goal is to establish a cost-effective, accessible solution that balances accuracy with realworld applicability while acknowledging inherent constraints of single-image photogrammetry.

Forests are vital repositories of biodiversity and vital suppliers of ecosystem services that support human life and the natural world. The health and biodiversity of forest ecosystems are largely determined by silvicultural practices, which are techniques used to control the development and structure of forests. The effects of various silvicultural practices, such as crop tree management, coppicing with standards, thinning, selective logging, and clear cutting, on forest biodiversity are examined in this article. Under good planning, certain practices?like selective logging and thinning?can increase biodiversity, but others?like poorly managed coppicing and clear cutting?may harm ecosystems and decrease species richness. The results emphasize how crucial context-specific, well watched, and sustainable forest management strategies are to striking a balance between ecological integrity and human demands.

Sericulture, a cornerstone of India?s rural economy and cultural legacy, is undergoing a transformative shift through the integration of digital technologies. This article explores how Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and mobile applications are revitalizing the silk industry by improving productivity, resilience, and inclusivity. Mobile apps are empowering farmers with real-time data on silkworm rearing and market prices, while GIS tools enhance land-use planning and disease management. ICT platforms foster connectivity, knowledge sharing, and remote training, bridging geographical and educational divides. Beyond productivity gains, these innovations are democratizing access to information, empowering rural women and youth, and ensuring equitable access to government schemes. Together, these digital tools are weaving a smarter, more sustainable, and inclusive future for India?s sericulture sector.

Sericulture, a cornerstone of India?s rural economy and cultural legacy, is undergoing a transformative shift through the integration of digital technologies. This article explores how Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and mobile applications are revitalizing the silk industry by improving productivity, resilience, and inclusivity. Mobile apps are empowering farmers with real-time data on silkworm rearing and market prices, while GIS tools enhance land-use planning and disease management. ICT platforms foster connectivity, knowledge sharing, and remote training, bridging geographical and educational divides. Beyond productivity gains, these innovations are democratizing access to information, empowering rural women and youth, and ensuring equitable access to government schemes. Together, these digital tools are weaving a smarter, more sustainable, and inclusive future for India?s sericulture sector.

System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a climate-smart, input-reducing, and output-increasing way of growing rice. It focuses on altering management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients instead of using external inputs. SRI developed in Madagascar during the 1980s and has now emerged as a worldwide phenomenon because it can help grow more rice by consuming less water, seeds per hectare, and agrochemicals. This paper addresses the principles, practices, advantages, limitations, and future directions of SRI under the scenario of sustainable rice farming.

Empowerment of rural women is a key to achieving sustainable and inclusive development, and communication can play a key role as a stimulus for the same. This article examines how gender-sensitive and participatory communication strategies can overcome the serious socioeconomic and cultural limitations that rural women face. Contributing significantly to agriculture, food security, and natural resources management, their roles are often undervalued. The essay stresses the necessity of empowering rural women with the knowledge, voice, and competence to bring about change through existing and new channels of communication that are accessible, appropriate, and culturally acceptable. It emphasizes the need of training, traditional knowledge, and participatory media planning in addressing the disparities caused by illiteracy, digital exclusion, and mobility restrictions. Lastly, the article calls for communication strategies that engage rural women as dynamic agents of development and social change, not merely as recipients.

The entire world's population must be able to be sustained by agriculture. The percentage of farmed and arable land is steadily declining as a result of increased urbanization and industrialization, as well as other natural and man-made reasons. At the same time, the world's population is still growing steadily. Because of these two considerations, it is anticipated that the same area of land will be able to feed an increasing number of people as the population grows. Under the current paradigm of the open field system of agricultural production, these conditions portend a very challenging future. Feeding the world's population is probably going to become impossible in the near future. It is frequently believed that in order to meet this always rising demand for agricultural products, there must be an abundance of land, water, and sunlight, all of which contribute to more productive farming. In particular, it is recognized that soil is not a necessary element for productive farming. Furthermore, plants only require a portion of the entire spectrum of sunlight rather than true sunlight. The actual needs include high-quality seeds, water, and nutrients, according to recent studies and their application. Around the world, improved soilless culture techniques for food production that save space and water have shown some encouraging outcomes. Because of this, hydroponics and aeroponics have gained popularity.

Climate change is widely recognized as one of the most significant and multifaceted challenges facing the world today. It refers to alterations in climate patterns that may occur over brief periods or span across centuries, resulting from both natural processes and human-induced activities. These changes are now increasingly affecting how ecosystems respond and adapt. Aquatic life and freshwater ecosystems are particularly vulnerable, facing multiple pressures linked to changing climatic conditions. Variations in rainfall and surface runoff significantly affect both the quantity and quality of aquatic habitats, indirectly altering ecosystem productivity and species diversity. Aquatic species and the ecological balance of water-based environments are at considerable risk. Warmer water temperatures can disrupt the normal biological processes of aquatic species, affecting their growth, reproduction, feeding patterns, distribution, and overall population dynamics. This growing threat highlights the importance of conserving biodiversity, which provides essential resilience and protection against environmental disturbances.

One of the significant ecological and socioeconomic issues of concern in forested habitats globally is the rising incidence and ferocity of forest fires that are fuelled by land pressures and climatic change. The potential of silviculture as an active response to the creation of climatically resilient forests is discussed in this paper. The ecological functions of fire as a nutrient cycler and habitat modifier and the practice of using adaptive silviculture technologies such as thinning, controlled burning, species selection, and construction of firebreaks are discussed. Restoration and adaptive silviculture as an active response to forest recovery and resilience under conditions of shifting climatic conditions receive high precedence. Methods used to link flame with hazards such as artificial intelligence-based clustering techniques and GIS-based risk zoning are discussed in this paper.

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, established in 1971, seeks to conserve and enhance the ecological functions of wetlands, including their role as habitats for endangered species. While human interference and use of heavy machineries are heavily restricted in Ramsardesignated areas. These ecosystems provide essential services such as irrigation, groundwater recharge, and flood control. As of 2025, India is home to 89 Ramsar sites. However, wetlands continue to face significant threats from urbanization, industrialization, agricultural expansion, and inadequate infrastructure, which contribute to their degradation and the loss of biodiversity. To address these issues, strategies focusing on the protection and preservation of wetlands are being implemented, with the primary goal of preventing further degradation. Effective conservation requires strict regulations and continuous monitoring to maintain the ecological integrity of these critical areas. Nature-based solutions, such as enhancing water availability, promoting agroforestry, and utilizing natural reservoirs can help address climate-related challenges like drought. Although the numbers of new Ramsar sites has increased in recent years, ensuring their proper management remains a critical challenge. Therefore, the government must prioritize sustainable management practices to achieve long-term conservation outcomes and support biodiversity.

Carbon farming is an emerging practice in agriculture that allows farmers to earn income through climate-smart practices that sequester carbon dioxide (CO?) in soil and biomass (FAO, 2021). This innovative model offers dual benefits: it enhances farm sustainability and creates a new revenue stream via carbon credits (Lal, 2020). As the global demand for carbon offsets rises, Indian farmers stand to gain from adopting conservation tillage, agroforestry, biochar application, and cover cropping (ICAR-NAARM, 2023). Despite its promise, carbon farming in India faces challenges like weak carbon markets, high monitoring costs, and lack of policy support (Government of India, 2023). With proper institutional frameworks and incentives, carbon farming could become a transformative tool in India's climate-resilient agricultural future.

The blossom midge, Contarinia maculipennis Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an emerging threat to high-value floricultural crops like jasmine, orchids, and tuberose across India. Its wide adaptability to diverse environmental conditions and ability to overcome climatic barriers have contributed to its emergence as a major threat in commercial floriculture. The larval stage develops hidden within flower buds, making detection and management particularly challenging. Moist soil conditions support successful pupation, while nocturnally active adults oviposit on the upper surfaces of young flower buds, which provide ideal nutrition and moisture for larval development. Understanding the pest?s biology, behavior, and damage potential is essential for identifying vulnerable points in its life cycle. Accurate identification through integrative taxonomic approaches and timely intervention during the early bud stage are critical for effective control. Integrated management strategies involving soil raking to disturb pupae, incorporation of granular insecticides, mulching, installation of yellow sticky traps, application of botanicals, and judicious use of chemical insecticides on both soil and foliage while avoiding irrigation during pesticide application are recommended. Coordinated, zone-wise implementation of these practices by farmers can significantly reduce midge populations and mitigate crop losses.

Farm animal tourism is a growing niche within India?s agri-tourism sector, offering an authentic blend of rural traditions and sustainable travel. This form of tourism connects urban visitors with rural life through hands-on experiences such as animal feeding, milking demonstrations, wool shearing, and riding horses, camels, or bullock carts. With India?s rich livestock farming traditions, particularly in states like Punjab, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra, the sector has significant potential to enhance both tourism and rural economies. The experience fosters a deeper understanding of animal husbandry, sustainable farming, and animal welfare, while promoting eco-friendly travel. Visitors not only enjoy recreational activities but also gain valuable insights into ethical farming practices and the origins of food. Additionally, farm animal tourism generates income for rural communities by creating jobs and supporting the sale of organic, locally-produced goods. Despite its promise, the sector faces challenges like inadequate infrastructure, limited awareness, and a need for training in tourism management. To fully realize its potential, a collaborative approach involving farmers, local tourism boards, and government support is essential. With careful development, farm animal tourism can play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage, supporting rural livelihoods, and providing enriching experiences for travelers.

Behavior change is a critical component of agricultural extension education, as the adoption of new practices and technologies by farmers often determines the success of rural development initiatives. Understanding the psychology behind behavior change can empower extension educators to design more effective programs that encourage farmers to embrace innovations. This article explores the science of behavior change, focusing on key psychological theories and models such as the Transtheoretical Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Social Cognitive Theory. It also examines practical strategies for extension educators to influence farmers' decision-making processes, including communication techniques, participatory approaches, and the use of social networks. By integrating psychological insights into extension programs, educators can bridge the gap between knowledge dissemination and actual adoption, ultimately fostering sustainable agricultural practices and improving rural livelihoods.

Agro-physiological basis has a significant impact on crop plant growth and development in order to achieve higher yield. Physiological aspects of photosynthesis and respiration have to be demonstrated in sorting out the regulation and function of various components. If there are inefficiencies in these systems and if causes can be identified, they would represent legitimate targets for genetic manipulation. Properties of rubisco, alternative oxidase, and photorespiration process already loom as opportunities for genetic manipulation. However, about their utilities we are yet uncertain. Serious reinvestigation of foliage canopies offers promise for important gains in photosynthetic productivity of crops. Morphological traits associated with increased yield potential include grain number and harvesting index. Increased biomass to be associated with yield increases. Various physiological processes help in maintenance of growth, yield attributes and finally increase yield of cereals.

Indian farmers are embracing the digital age, evolving from traditional cultivators into content creators and influencers. Armed with smartphones and local expertise, they are sharing knowledge, selling products directly, and building online communities ? signaling the rise of a ?creator economy? in agriculture. This shift supports the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision by empowering farmers as entrepreneurs, educators, and change agents. Platforms like YouTube and Instagram enable rural youth and women to engage in agri-commerce, education, and branding. Despite challenges such as digital divides and monetization barriers, opportunities abound, especially with regional language content and potential government support. This movement is redefining farming ? from soil to screen ? cultivating both livelihoods and aspirations.

Agricultural extension is a key mechanism for translating scientific discoveries into actionable strategies that farmers can implement on their land. This article outlines how agricultural innovations progress from research labs to the hands of farmers, with a focus on the indispensable role of extension services. It details the journey from research and pilot testing to farmer education and ongoing advisory support. The piece also addresses significant hurdles, such as inadequate funding, limited reach, and gender imbalances within extension systems. Ultimately, the article underscores the need for robust investment and inclusive approaches to ensure that agricultural research benefits all stakeholders in the farming sector.

Fish have exceptional skeletal flexibility and bone regeneration ability, allowing them to adapt to environmental changes and recover from traumas. Fish, unlike mammals, can continuously remodel and regenerate their skeletal structures. This article explores the structure of fish skeletons, skeletal plasticity mechanisms, and the cellular and molecular basis of bone regeneration, including the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as pathways such as Wnt and Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). It also looks into the effects of genetic, dietary, and environmental factors on bone health. Comparative studies with mammals demonstrate fish's superior regenerating ability, which has implications for regenerative medicine and aquaculture. Understanding these mechanisms can help to enhance fish health in farming and conservation, as well as further biomedical research.

Migration in India, formally recorded since the 1871 Census, has been a significant socioeconomic phenomenon. The primary drivers of migration include push factors such as poverty, unemployment, and socio-political instability, and pull factors like better job opportunities, improved standards of living, and access to better healthcare and education. The 2011 Census reveals that internal migration is more prevalent than international migration, with intra-state migration comprising 84.19% and inter-state migration at 13.78%. A gendered pattern is evident, with males primarily migrating for work and females for marriage. Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Karnataka, Haryana, and Punjab are key migration destinations. Migration produces diverse consequences across economic, demographic, social, and environmental domains. Economically, migration supports both rural and urban areas through labour mobility and remittances. However, it also causes the loss of skilled labour in rural regions, exacerbating local unemployment. Demographically, migration contributes to rapid urban population growth, creating imbalances in the sex ratio and leading to a shortage of skilled labour in rural areas. Socially, migration promotes cultural exchange but can result in social tensions, discrimination, and exclusion of migrants. Environmentally, urban areas face overcrowding, increased pressure on infrastructure, and environmental degradation, such as water scarcity and pollution. To address these challenges, policies should focus on enhancing rural livelihoods by improving agricultural productivity, promoting self-employment, and strengthening infrastructure. Extension services can play a pivotal role in implementing government schemes like NREGA and promoting off-season employment. Ultimately, creating local job opportunities and fostering rural development can reduce the need for migration and support balanced economic growth.

The global imperative of sustainable agriculture seeks to balance food systems, ecological preservation, and socioeconomic stability. Through rigorous analysis, this evaluation explores millet's multidimensional contributions to sustainable and climate-smart farming. Millets, a group of crops frequently overlooked despite its capacity to resolve various interconnected agricultural challenges. As a resilient botanical resource, millet demonstrates structural advantages that advance regenerative practices while supporting ecosystem equilibrium. Millets serve as catalysts for rural economic transformation, creating stable revenue streams through diversified applications. Processing into value-added products like flour unlocks market potential, elevating farm profitability while addressing food system needs. Millets support rural lives through low-cost, climate-resilient farming, increased revenue due to increased demand, and enhanced nutrition. They empower women, create jobs, and increase community resilience in drought-prone areas.

We encounter statistics on a daily basis, whether in news reports, political speeches, or advertisements, and they often appear credible simply because they are numerical data. However, it is important to recognize that statistics can be manipulated, distorted, or misrepresented to serve a specific purpose. This report examines how statistics can be manipulated to deceive people, even when the numbers themselves are accurate. It dissects common tactics such as employing biased survey questions, confusing correlation with causation, selectively choosing data, and manipulating graphs to present misleading information. Real-life instances, like immigration survey data and a toothpaste commercial, demonstrate how numbers can be manipulated to create a misleading perception. Ultimately, it's not about blindly accepting all statistics. It's about being able to identify when they are being used unfairly and asking the right questions to gain a comprehensive understanding of the situation.

Agriculture plays a significant role in the economic sector. The automation in agriculture is the main concern and the emerging subject across the world. With the increasing population, demand of food and employment is also increasing. The traditional methods which were used by the farmers, were not sufficient enough to fulfill these requirements. Thus, new automated methods were introduced. These new methods satisfied the food requirements and also provided employment opportunities to billions of people. Artificial Intelligence in agriculture has brought an agriculture revolution. This technology has protected the crop yield from various factors like the climate changes, population growth, employment issues and the food security problems. The main concern of this paper is to highlight the various applications of Artificial intelligence in agriculture such as for irrigation, weeding, spraying with the help of sensors and other means embedded in robots and drones (Talaviya et al., 2020). These technologies saves the excess use of water, pesticides, herbicides, maintains the fertility of the soil, also helps in the efficient use of man power and elevate the productivity and improve the quality.

The goal of precision farming, also referred to as site-specific management, is to maximize output and profitability while maintaining environmental sustainability by carefully controlling inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers that must be applied in the proper quantity, at the appropriate time, and at the appropriate location. Precision agriculture provides a route towards dynamic and financially feasible production systems, which are further required by global market competition that challenges traditional farming, growing environmental consciousness, and the need for sustainable resource management (soil, water, and air).

Annatto extract is a natural food color obtained from the outer coatings of the seeds of the Annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.). Annatto extract is a natural food color, which is obtained from the outer coatings of the seeds of the Annatto tree (Bixa orellana L) The use of annatto by the New World man dates back to ancient times. The indigenous Amazon people have used ?urucum? for body painting for centuries. Seeds and leaves of the annatto tree were used by the Aztecs to prepare remedies for a variety of illnesses such as tonsillitis, asthma, pleurisy, rectal disorders, headache, jaundice, sunstroke, and burns. Bixin is used both as a spice and a dye since ancient time. Color is the first sensory quality by which foods are judged, since food quality and flavor are closely associated with color. In addition, many colorless convenience foods such as confectionary products, snacks, beverages and gelatin desserts, the food color was added in order to identify the taste and increased the palatability.

Smart aquaculture integrates advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, the Internet of Things (IoT), and data analytics to address the limitations of traditional aquaculture and promote sustainable fish farming practices. This article explores the transformative role of smart systems in enhancing productivity, improving fish health, optimizing resource use, and reducing environmental impact. Traditional aquaculture faces significant challenges including water quality management, disease detection, feed efficiency, and labor demands. By leveraging sensor networks, automation, computer vision, and blockchain technology, smart aquaculture enables real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and transparent supply chains. The study emphasizes the potential of intelligent systems like Recirculatory Aquaculture Systems (RAS), smart sensors, and automated feeding to revolutionize the sector. Furthermore, it highlights the future prospects of intelligent fish farms that operate with minimal human intervention, ensuring higher efficiency and sustainability. Despite certain challenges like cost and technical skill requirements, smart aquaculture presents a viable path toward meeting the rising global seafood demand while preserving aquatic ecosystems.

The introduction of advanced technologies to improve farming methods is causing a revolution in the agricultural landscape of Vikshit Bharat (Developed India). In order to control pests and diseases in crops, this abstract explores a ground-breaking project under the Vikshit Bharat Programme that uses drone technology to apply fungicides and insecticides precisely and locally. Drones have great potential to revolutionize agriculture by promoting resource efficiency, sustainability, and increased crop yields. The suggested approach is the tactical use of unmanned aerial aircraft outfitted with cutting-edge spraying equipment that can apply fungicides and insecticides with previously unheard-of precision. This strategy guarantees that the agrochemicals efficiently reach their intended objectives while also reducing the environmental impact associated with conventional spray approaches. The Vikshit Bharat Program's primary objectives, which emphasize technical improvements for comprehensive agricultural development, are well aligned with the use of drones in disease and pest management.