The increasing global population and climate variability have intensified the demand for sustainable food production, necessitating innovative approaches for crop improvement. Among modern biotechnological tools, proteomics has emerged as a powerful platform to study the complete set of proteins expressed under specific physiological conditions. Unlike genomics and transcriptomics, proteomics provides direct insight into functional molecules that regulate plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, cold, waterlogging and toxic metal exposure. These stresses drastically reduce crop productivity by disrupting cellular homeostasis, metabolic pathways and signaling networks. Through advanced analytical techniques like mass spectrometry, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and isotopic labeling, proteomics enables the identification, quantification and characterization of stress-responsive proteins. Such information facilitates the discovery of biomarkers, validation of stress-associated genes and understanding of tolerance mechanisms. The integration of proteomic data into breeding and genetic engineering programs offers promising avenues for developing resilient, high-yielding crop varieties adaptable to changing environmental conditions.