Cotton, tobacco and sugarcane are among the most economically important industrial crops that have undergone extensive domestication and evolutionary diversification across tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The genus Gossypium (cotton) includes about 50 species, of which four?G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. herbaceum are cultivated. Cotton was independently domesticated in both the Old and New Worlds, with tetraploid species evolving through allopolyploidy between A- and D-genome progenitors. Tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), represented mainly by N. tabacum and N. rustica, originated in South America, with N. tabacum evolving through hybridization between N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis. The crop spread globally through early human trade and colonization. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), belonging to the Poaceae family, originated in the Indonesia? New Guinea region and was later hybridized with wild species to enhance yield and adaptability. Modern commercial cultivars are complex interspecific hybrids, primarily derived from crosses between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. Collectively, these crops illustrate how natural evolution, polyploidy and human selection have shaped their domestication histories and global agricultural importance.