Mineral and vitamin nutrition in Indian dairy cattle and buffaloes cannot be adequately described by a single national supplementation formula because nutrient supply is shaped by agro-climatic conditions, soil mineral status, water quality, crop choice, fodder species, preservation practices, animal genotype, physiological stage and the extent of concentrate feeding. Area-specific mineral mixture (ASMM) therefore provides a rational framework in which mineral supplementation is based on measured regional deficiencies and practical dietary supply rather than on indiscriminate addition of all nutrients at fixed levels. This review examines the scientific basis of area-specific mineral?vitamin nutrition, with particular emphasis on regional deficiency mapping, diagnostic approaches, trace-mineral bioavailability, mineral?mineral and vitamin?mineral interactions, organic mineral sources, antioxidant micronutrients and precision supplementation. Indian evidence demonstrates substantial heterogeneity: studies in Jharkhand, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Karnataka and Kashmir have identified different combinations of deficient or excessive minerals in feeds, fodders, soil and animal tissues. A recent study from the Pir Panjal region of Kashmir reported widespread deficiencies of Ca, Cu, Mn and Zn in plasma, whereas a 2025 field study in Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh documented improved plasma Ca, P, Cu and Zn and reproductive hormones after supplementation of a locally formulated ASMM. In 2025/2026, a controlled study in periparturient Murrah buffaloes further reported higher milk yield and better postpartum reproductive responses with ASMM than the unsupplemented control. The review argues that the next generation of ASMM should move from static regional recipes toward dynamic, biomarker-informed formulations that consider native dietary mineral supply, antagonists, source bioavailability, seasonal changes, heat stress, production stage and the risk of both deficiency and over-supplementation. Such an approach can improve animal health, fertility, milk production, resource efficiency and environmental sustainability in Indian dairy systems.