The inefficiency of conventional fertilizers poses a major challenge to sustainable agriculture, leading to significant nutrient losses and environmental pollution. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution to enhance nutrient delivery and improve agricultural productivity. This article examines the role of nanomaterials in developing advanced fertilizer systems with controlled and targeted nutrient release. Various nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nano-encapsulated fertilizers, nanoclays, and carbon-based nanomaterials, are discussed for their potential in improving nutrient use efficiency.Due to their high surface area and unique physicochemical properties, nanomaterials facilitate better interaction with plant systems, enhancing nutrient uptake and reducing losses through leaching and volatilization. Nano-fertilizers enable synchronized nutrient release according to crop demand, resulting in improved crop yield and quality while minimizing environmental impacts. Additionally, their application supports sustainable farming practices by reducing excessive fertilizer use. However, challenges such as high production costs, lack of awareness, regulatory issues, and potential ecological risks limit their widespread adoption. Further research is required to assess long-term environmental impacts and ensure safe application. Overall, nanotechnology offers significant potential to revolutionize nutrient management in agriculture and contribute to sustainable food production systems.