Accurate heat detection plays a vital role in maintaining reproductive performance, milk yield, and overall farm income in dairy cattle and buffalo (De Vries, 2006; Lucy, 2001). Conventional observation methods frequently fail to identify estrus correctly, particularly in buffalo where heat signs are less visible, resulting in longer open periods and financial losses (Roelofs et al., 2010; Diskin & Sreenan, 2000). AI-based technologies utilize sensors, behavioral monitoring, and data analysis to determine the most suitable time for insemination (Saint-Dizier & Chastant-Maillard, 2012). Studies indicate that these systems significantly enhance detection efficiency, improve pregnancy rates, and contribute to more sustainable dairy production (Roelofs et al., 2010; De Vries, 2006).