Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food production systems globally. However, diseases are a key constraint to sustainable aquaculture production systems. Certain bacterial pathogens, e.g., Aeromonas, Vibrio, Flavobacterium, and Streptococcus, cause notable economic losses in fish and shellfish farming. Conventional treatments for these diseases include antibiotics. However, their misuse is resulting in antimicrobial resistance, pollution of the environment, and possible hazards to human health. Hence, eco-friendly options for sustainable aquaculture production systems are urgently needed. Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically target and kill bacterial cells. Phage therapy is a method for using bacteriophages for the treatment of bacterial diseases in aquaculture production systems. Phages are viruses that target specific bacterial pathogens while leaving other harmless microbes intact. Several researchers have shown that phage therapy can reduce disease-causing bacteria in aquatic animals and increase their survival rates. Phages are naturally present in aquatic systems and can replicate in infected tissues. Phages are thus an eco-friendly option for sustainable aquaculture production systems. Though bacteriophages have limitations in their use for aquaculture production systems, their use in phage therapy is promising for sustainable aquaculture production system.

Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing sectors of food production worldwide, playing a vital role in fulfilling the increasing demand for aquatic protein production. However, infectious diseases remain one of the major concerns for the sustainability of aquaculture production. Conventionally, antibiotics and chemotherapeutics have been used for the control of infectious diseases in cultured aquatic animals. The overuse of antibiotics has led to serious concerns, such as the emergence of antibiotic resistance, environmental contamination, and the presence of residues of antibiotics in fish products. Hence, the use of sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives for the management of infectious diseases has become essential. Probiotics and prebiotics have become important feed additives for improving fish health and production. Probiotics are live microorganisms, which, when administered in sufficient amounts, provide health benefits for the host, while prebiotics are nondigestible components of feed that promote the growth of beneficial microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. Probiotics and prebiotics, as microbial feed additives, have been found to be effective for improving the health of farmed fish. Hence, the use of probiotics and prebiotics can be used as sustainable alternatives for improving the health of farmed fish.

In many developing regions, livestock production is hindered by the seasonal scarcity of green fodder and the inherent bulkiness of available crop residues. These factors complicate storage, escalate transportation costs, and lead to inconsistent nutrient intake. Densification technology?the process of converting loose biomass into enriched, compact forms such as pellets and Densified Complete Feed Blocks (DCFBs)?offers a strategic solution. By integrating fibrous residues with concentrates and minerals, densification minimises selective feeding and stabilises rumen fermentation. This article explores the mechanical processes, nutritional benefits, and implementation challenges of feed densification, highlighting its role in improving milk yields by up to 20% and fostering sustainable agricultural practices (Garg, 2012).