The global dairy sector is undergoing a transformative shift with the emergence of lab-grown milk, produced via precision fermentation. Unlike plant-based alternatives, lab-grown milk replicates the exact proteins found in cow?s milk?casein and whey?without involving animals. This technology offers sustainable, ethical, and climate-friendly solutions, with the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and water consumption. Globally, start-ups such as Perfect Day, Remilk, and TurtleTree are pioneering fermentation-derived dairy, securing regulatory approvals in the US, Singapore, and Israel. For India, the world?s largest milk producer, lab-grown milk presents both opportunities and challenges: it can reduce imports of whey protein, create high-value protein markets, promote biotech entrepreneurship, and complement traditional dairying. Key challenges include regulatory clarity, consumer acceptance, technology costs, and protection of smallholder livelihoods. Strategic policy support, public-private partnerships, and investment in indigenous biotechnology are critical to the integration of lab-grown milk into India?s dairy sector. A balanced approach can enable India to harness innovation while safeguarding cultural traditions and rural economies, positioning the country as a global leader in sustainable dairy.

Seed production in annual flowering crops plays a crucial role in sustaining the floriculture industry by ensuring the supply of genetically pure, high-quality seeds. The essential principles of annual flower seed production including selection of suitable varieties, site and soil requirements, isolation distance and standardised cultural practices (Hartmann et al., 2011). It emphasises the importance of proper sowing time, nutrient and irrigation management, pollination behaviour and systematic roguing for maintaining varietal purity. Critical aspects of seed maturity, harvesting at physiological ripeness, post-harvest drying, processing and safe storage are also discussed to preserve seed viability and vigour.

Accurate heat detection plays a vital role in maintaining reproductive performance, milk yield, and overall farm income in dairy cattle and buffalo (De Vries, 2006; Lucy, 2001). Conventional observation methods frequently fail to identify estrus correctly, particularly in buffalo where heat signs are less visible, resulting in longer open periods and financial losses (Roelofs et al., 2010; Diskin & Sreenan, 2000). AI-based technologies utilize sensors, behavioral monitoring, and data analysis to determine the most suitable time for insemination (Saint-Dizier & Chastant-Maillard, 2012). Studies indicate that these systems significantly enhance detection efficiency, improve pregnancy rates, and contribute to more sustainable dairy production (Roelofs et al., 2010; De Vries, 2006).