Climate change, declining soil fertility, water scarcity and malnutrition are interconnected challenges confronting modern agriculture. Millet-based agroforestry systems offer a promising nature-based approach that can address these challenges simultaneously by combining nutrient-dense, climate-resilient cereal crops with trees. Millets are characterized by short duration, relatively low water requirements and tolerance to heat and moisture stress. Their cultivation can contribute to climate-change mitigation through biomass production, carbon fixation, root-derived carbon inputs and the return of crop residues to the soil. When integrated with trees, these benefits are strengthened because carbon is stored in both above- and below-ground biomass and in soil organic carbon pools. Agroforestry systems can also improve nutrient cycling, reduce erosion and enhance soil biological activity. From a nutritional perspective, millets are rich sources of dietary fibre, minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids and bioactive compounds, making them valuable for dietary diversification and nutritional security. Thus, millet-based agroforestry represents more than an alternative cropping system: it is a strategy for building resilient farms, healthier diets and more sustainable soils.

Plant tissue culture is an important biotechnology for rapid multiplication, production of disease-free planting material and improvement and conservation of crop plants. The process involves in vitro culture of plant cells, tissues or organs on suitable nutrient media and provides powerful techniques like micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, embryo rescue, haploid production and in vitro selection for crop improvement. Plant tissue culture has been increasingly used for the regeneration of plants difficult to propagate by seed and for facilitating rapid multiplication schemes. Further, plant tissue culture techniques can be employed to support modern biotechnological approaches like genetic transformation and genome editing. Thus, despite challenges posed by contamination, browning and genotype specificity, tissue culture has great potential to supplement traditional breeding methods for the development of improved varieties with higher yield, disease resistance and climatic adaptation.

The increasing occurrence of bacterial diseases in freshwater aquaculture has become a major concern due to the substantial economic losses affecting the fisheries sector. Bacteriocin-producing probiotics have emerged as a promising approach for reducing fish mortality and disease incidence, as they are generally regarded as safe and produce fewer side effects compared to conventional treatments. In aquaculture, it is crucial to understand the mode of action by which bacteriocins are effective against pathogens in order to utilize them as a biopesticide, particularly as a prophylactic biopesticide. Antibiotics, chemotherapy and vaccination are usually the techniques used, but they may have negative effects on cultured organisms and the aquatic environment and are not often used in field conditions. These bacteriocins are environmentally friendly alternative to chemical treatment in the freshwater aquaculture industry for bacterial disease management if properly up used. Bacteriocins and their modes of action against the major pathogens of the aquaculture industry are emphasized.