Cotton, often referred to as "white gold", remains central to the agrarian economy of Telangana. In 2025, the crop presents a paradox: higher production estimates on paper alongside widespread distress in farmers' fields. While official projections suggest an increase in total output, continuous and untimely rains during critical crop stages triggered an irreversible quality crisis. Prolonged moisture during boll maturation caused pre-harvest seed germination inside unopened cotton bolls, sharply reducing fibre quality, market acceptance, and farmer incomes. This article documents field-level observations from Gunturpalli village of Warangal district and nearby regions, highlighting how excess rainfall, rather than pests or acreage decline, emerged as the single biggest factor pushing farmers away from Minimum Support Price (MSP) realization. The Telangana cotton story of 2025 underlines the urgent need to shift policy focus from production alone to quality protection under climate variability.

Bio pesticides are living organisms which can intervene the life cycle of insect-pests in such a way that the crop damage is minimized. The agents employed as bio pesticides, include predators, parasitoids and disease causing fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses, which are the natural enemies of pests. Further, they complement and supplement other methods of pest control. Utilisation of naturally occurring parasites, predators and pathogens for pest control is a classical biological control. It is the very important component of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) that helps in successful control of key insect pest under different agroecosystem. Among the bio pesticides, the products based on entomopathogenic bacteria (EPB) are most commonly used in farming community. It affects only the target pest and closely related organisms, in contrast to broad spectrum, conventional pesticides and also effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly, resulting in lower exposures and largely avoiding the pollution problems.

Seed quality is critical to obtaining high agricultural output, but standard chemical seed treatments have environmental, ecological, and health implications. As a result, nonchemical seed treatments like laser irradiation, non-thermal plasma, and magnetic field exposure have emerged as viable and creative options. These physical approaches improve seed germination, vigour, and stress tolerance by stimulating natural physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes that leave no chemical residues or induce pathogen resistance. Laser treatment improves hormonal balance and photosynthetic efficiency via photoreceptor-mediated signalling; plasma treatment increases seed coat permeability and redox signalling via reactive species; and magnetic treatment stimulates water uptake, enzyme activity, and gene regulation. Collectively, these technologies provide major agronomic benefits, including increased yield and quality and compatibility with modern sustainable farming methods. Despite obstacles with standardization and large-scale adoption, ongoing mechanistic research and field validation demonstrate the huge potential of non-chemical seed treatments for climate-smart and sustainable agriculture.